2.2.2 Types of Neurone

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Types of Neurone
There are three types of neurone:
(a)  Sensory neurone
(b)  Relay neurone (intermediate neurone)
(c) Motor neurone



Characteristics
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
Position in the body
Present in all parts of the body
Present in the brain and the spinal cord only
Present in all parts of the body
Position of cell body
In the middle of neurone
At the centre of neurone
At the end of neurone
Length of axon
Short
Very short
Long
Function
Transmits impulses from a receptor to the central nervous system
Transmits impulses from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone
Transmits impulses from the central nervous system to the effector



2.2.1 Neurone

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Neurone
  Structure of a neurone

  1. The basic unit of the nervous system is neurone.
  2. The function of neurone is to carry impulses.
  3. Each part of s neurone plays an important role in the transmission of nervous impulses.

Neurone Part
Function
Cell body
Controls all activities of the neurone
Dendron
Transmits impulses towards a cell body
Dendrite
Receives impulse from other neurone and transmits them to cell body
Axon
Transmits impulses out of cell body
Myelin sheath

Speed up the transmission of impulses.
Insulator that prevents the leakage of impulses.
 

 
 
 
 

1.2 Scientific Investigation

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Scientific Method

Scientific method is a body of technique of acquiring knowledge about the nature and its phenomena.

Basics Steps of Scientific Investigation

  1. Identifying problem
  2. Making hypothesis
  3. Plannig the investigation
  4. Identifying and Controlling Variable
  5. Conducting the experiment
  6. Collecting and recording data
  7. Analysing and interpreting data
  8. Making conclusion
  9. Preparing the report


The 2 main scientific skills

  1. Science process skill (Mental skill)
  2. Manipulative skill (Hand skill)


The 6 Science Process Skill (OCCMIP)

  1. Observation
  2. Communication
  3. Classification
  4. Measurement
  5. Inference
  6. Prediction


Examples of Manipulative Skill

  1. Handling apparatus and material correctly.
  2. Handling specimen correctly
  3. Clean apparatus correctly
  4. Storing apparatus and reagents correctly


Hypothesis

Hypothesis is a suggested explanation for a specific phenomenon.

Inference

Inference is the act or process of deriving a conclusion based on what one already knows.

Variable

Variable is a quantity whose value may change in an experiment. It is the parameter that may influence the outcome of an experiment or the data been collected in the experiment.

2.2 Human Nervous System

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Human Nervous System
 
1. The human nervous system is divided into
(a) Central nervous system (or CNS) – consists of the brain and spinal cord.
(b) Peripheral nervous system (or PNS) – consists of the spinal nerves and cranial nerves.
 
 
Chart showing the classification of human nervous system
 
 



Human nervous system
 

Central Nervous System
  1. The central nervous system is the control centre of the body.
  2. This system consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
  3. The brain controls all voluntary actions of the body like walking and talking.
  4. The spinal cord controls the reflex actions such as sneezing.

Peripheral nervous system
  1. The peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves which connect the central nervous system to the receptor and effector located at other parts of the body.
  2. The function of the peripheral nervous system is to transmit impulses from the sensory organ through central nervous system to the effector to respond accordingly.
 

1.1 The Study of Biology

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Biology is the study of life or living organisms.
bios - life
logy - (original: logos) which means study.

Importance of Biology

  1. better understanding on the functions of human body.
  2. better understanding on the causes of diseases and its cure.
  3. better understanding on ecology and henceimprove the management of problems related to the environment.
  4. saving animal and plant species which arefacing extinction.


Fields of Biology Research

  1. Anatomy
  2. Physiology
  3. Cell biology
  4. Molecular biology
  5. Genetics
  6. Microbiology
  7. Bacteriology Entomology
  8. Developmetal biology
  9. Ecology
  10. Zoology
  11. Botany
  12. Taxonomy
  13. Histology

Career Related to Biology

Medicine Doctor, nurse, dentist, pharmacist, veterinarian, physiotherapist
Biotechnology Biotechnologist, nutritionist, food technologist
Agriculture Estate manager, botanist, agricultural officer
Industry Research officer, scientist

Characteristic of Living Organism

Metapolism: Obtain energy for life and activities
Respiration: Breakdown food to obtain energy for growth, movement....
Nutrition: -Sources of energy and growth
-Repair dameged tissue
Locomotion: Moving from place to place (only for animal)
Reproduction: Reproduce offspring
Growth: Increasing in size
Excretion: Expelled waste from body

SPM Form 5 Biology – Exercises

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01 Transport 

  1. The Circulatory System (7 Questions) 
  2. The Mechanism of Blood Clotting (3 Questions) 
  3. The Lymphatic System (4 Questions) 
  4. The Role of Circulatory System in Body Defense Mechanism (4 Questions) 

02 Support and Locomotion 

  1. Support and Locomotion in Humans and Animals 1 (6 Questions) 
  2. Support and Locomotion in Humans and Animals 2 (6 Questions) 
  3. Support System in Plants (4 Questions) 

03 Coordination and Response 

  1. The Role of the Human Nervous System 1 (6 Questions) 
  2. The Role of the Human Nervous System 2 (6 Questions) 
  3. The Role of Hormones in Humans (7 Questions) 
  4. Homeostasis in Humans (7 Questions) 

04 Reproduction and Growth 

  1. Formation of Gamete (5 Questions) 
  2. Roles of Hormones in the Menstrual Cycle (5 Questions) 

05 Inheritance (10 Questions) 


06 Variation (9 Questions)

SPM Form 4 Biology – Exercise

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01 Cell Structure 

  1. Cell Structure and Function 1 (6 Questions) 
  2. Cell Structure and Function 2 (5 Questions) 
  3. Cell Organisation 1 (5 Questions) 
  4. Cell Organisation 2 (5 Questions) 
  5. Cell Organisation 3 (3 Questions) 

02 Movement across Plasma Membrane 

  1. Movement of Substances Across the Plasma Membrane 1 (5 Questions) 
  2. Movement of Substances Across the Plasma Membrane 2 (5 Questions) 
  3. Movement of Substances Across the Plasma Membrane 3 (5 Questions) 
  4. Movement of Substances Across the Plasma Membrane in Everyday Life (5 Questions) 

03 Chemical Composition of Cell Chemical 

  1. Composition of the Cell (3 Questions) 
  2. Carbohydrate (6 Questions) 
  3. Proteins (5 Questions) 
  4. Lipids (3 Questions) 
  5. Enzymes 1 (4 Questions) 
  6. Enzymes 2 (4 Questions) 

04 Meiosis and Mitosis 

  1. Mitosis 1 (6 Questions) 
  2. Mitosis 2 – (6 Questions) 
  3. Meiosis 1 – (6 Questions) 
  4. Meiosis 2 – (7 Questions) 

05 Nutrition 

  1. Balanced Diet (6 Questions) 
  2. Malnutrition (3 Questions) 
  3. Food Digestion (7 Questions) 
  4. Absorption and Assimilation of Digested Food (4 Questions) 

06 Respiration 

  1. The Respiratory Process in Energy Production (4 Questions) 
  2. Respiratory Mechanisms in Humans and Animals (7 Questions) 
  3. Gaseous Exchange in Humans (4 Questions) 
  4. The Regulatory Mechanism in Respiration (4 Questions) 
  5. Respiration in Plants (4 Questions) 

07 Dynamic Ecosystem 

  1. The Abiotic and Biotic Components of the Environment (7 Questions) 
  2. The Process of Colonisation and Sucession in an Ecosystem (3 Questions) 
  3. Population Ecology (3 Questions) 
  4. Biodiversity (3 Questions) 
  5. The Impact of Microorganisms on Life (6 Questions) 

08 Endangered Ecosystem 

  1. Human Activities that Endanger the Ecosystem (7 Questions) 
  2. The Greenhouse Effect and Thinning of the Ozone Layer (6 Questions) 
  3. Proper Management of Development Activities and the Ecosystem (3 Questions)

1.1 Method of Scientific Investigation

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Scientific Method

  1. The scientific method or scientific process is fundamental to scientific investigation and to the acquisition of new knowledge based upon physical evidence by the scientific community. 
  2. Scientists use observations and reasoning to propose tentative explanations for natural phenomena, termed hypotheses.
  3. The scientific method is a systematic approach to research. It consists of the following steps:
    1. Identifying problem
    2. Making hypothesis
    3. Planning the investigation
    4. Identifying and Controlling Variable
    5. Conducting the experiment
    6. Collecting and recording data
    7. Analysing and interpreting data
    8. Making conclusion
    9. Preparing the report



Steps in the Scientific Method

Making observation

  1. An investigation usually begins with an observation on a phenomenon.
  2. Observation is to observe and gather the information about the phenomenon.

Making an Inference

  1. After gathering sufficient information, we make an inference, or early conclusion, based on what has been observed.
  2. The inference may or may not be true and need to be proven true or false with further investigation.
  3. Making an inference is a process to form an early logical conclusion to explain the phenomenon.

Identifying problem

Asking question based on the inference made to identify the problem related to the observation.

Making a hypothesis

  1. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
  2. Normally, it is a general statement about the relationship between the manipulated variable and a responding variable in order to explain the question asked.

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Identifying variables

  1. A variable is a factor that affects other factors in an experiment.
  2. In a scientific investigation, we need to identify all related variables.
  3. There are three types of variable, namely
    1. Manipulated variable — the factor that is purposely changed in an experiment
    2. Responding variable — the factor that changes with the manipulated variable
    3. Fixed variables — the factors that are kept constant throughout an experiment. This is to ensure that other factors do not affect the results of the experiment.

Controlling variables

  1. Deciding how to repeat the experiment several times by using different values of the manipulated variable.
  2. This step is to test the consistency in the experiment and also to relate the manipulated variable to the responding variable..

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Designing the experiment

  1. Deciding how to carry out the experiment, including determine the material, apparatus, experiment sets out and the procedure to take.
  2. Always keep in mind that the main purpose of the experiment is to o test the hypothesis.

Carrying Out the Experiment

After the planning of the experiment is done, you will need to carry out the experiment according to the procedure.

Collecting data

  1. Make observations in the experiment by watching and measuring.
  2. Measure the quantities accurately using suitable measuring instruments and units.
  3. All data are collected and recorded in a proposed table.


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Analysing and interpreting data

  1. After collecting the data, you will need to analyse the results of the experiment.
  2. Data analysis is the step to studies information by breaking it down into smaller parts.
  3. The results can be presented in various forms, such as a table, graph or chart.

Making a conclusion

  1. Draw conclusions based on the observations and results.
  2. State whether the hypothesis is true or false.

Writing the report

  1. A report is written after an experiment is performed.
  2. The format of the report is arranged based on the scientific investigation method which is performed systematically; starting from the problems identified to the last stage.
  3. State any precautions taken to overcome problems in the experiment.
  4. A simple diagram of the experiment set-up would sometime be useful.